Analyzers: NIR, SPECTRUM, GAS, OXYGEN, INFRARED, LOGIC SIGNAL, CHEMICAL

FOSS - NIR Analyser

2010-06-12T08:58:00.000+08:00

FOSS is different from others in offering a range of dedicated analytical solutions based on both indirect and reference methods. FOSS NIR provides analysis and control throughout the production process, from raw material to finished product and from routine analysis to at-line and in-line process control.

FOSS focused analytical solutions are used in the Dairy, Wine, Edible oils, Confectionery, Pet food, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Grain, Beer, Feed and Forage and Milling industries.

FOSS NIR is used in near infrared spectroscopy in solutions like infratec, food scan and wine scan.
The Dual X-ray technology, as used in MeatMaster to measure the fat content of fresh, frozen, boxed and loose meat. With near infrared interactance this technology is also used for simplifying and speeding up traditional microbiological analysis, as used in MicroFoss.

Advanced calibration technologies within FOSS NIR, like PLS and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) provide simple and reliable solutions for highly complex analytical tasks.

The FT NIR technology is also used as part of the automated wet chemical analysis and automated Image Analysis for visual grain inspection, as used in Cervitec and Rice Analyzer

The FT NIR technology uses software that facilitates analysis of measurement results and that helps to monitor and control production processes.

FOSS NIR systems offer a new probe for monitoring of mammalian cell culture growth media. With path length optimized for culture media, this novel design is sterilizable-in-place (SIP). The small diameter probe design is easily adapted for use in bench top bioreactors and for scale up to pilot plant and manufacturing reactors.

Nine bioprocess probes multiply to form one FOSS XDS Process Analytics Near-Infrared (NIR) Analyzer. Our analyzers track key low concentration analytes in the culture growth media, enabling optimization of the fermentation. Feedback control is available through digital protocols.

FOSS NIR system is the world's leading manufacturers of near infrared analytical instruments and consists of a complete range of rapid scanning, near-infrared spectrophotometers for laboratory and process applications.

The near infrared interactance is also very useful in measuring the body fat. With the near infrared interactance fiber optic probe is attached to a digital analyzer which measures the tissue composition and can measure the fat and water content in various parts of the body. The most common body part on which this near infrared interactance methodology is used is the biceps for estimating body fat using the NIR method. The NIR light goes through the tissues and is reflected off the bone back to the detector. The NIR data is entered into a prediction equation with the person's height, weight, frame size, and level of activity to estimate the percent body fat.

Alston is an eminent analyst and writer which are writing about NIR analyzer. For more info visit at http://www.foss-nirsystems.com.

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Brimrose NIR Analyzer

2010-06-05T01:31:00.000+08:00

A new series of miniature near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers is said to offer a cost-effective tool for inspecting incoming raw materials and product quality control. Compact, battery-powered Model 5030 ATOF-NIR Portable Analyzer from Brimrose Corp. of America, Baltimore, allows laboratory tests to be performed anywhere in a plant environment. The instrument, which sells

for $28,000 (compared with $40,000 for larger units), is reportedly insensitive to ambient light, vibration, dust, and dirt.

Its design allows for quick switchover from solids to liquids, and results appear instantly on its LCD. Applications include material identification or measurement of moisture content and active-ingredient levels. Once the instrument is calibrated, it reportedly can be used by an inexperienced operator.

Near Infrared Analysis (NIR)

2010-06-03T08:08:00.000+08:00

As a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tool, the NIR (Near Infrared) analyser is the next generation technology for analysing solid and liquid chemical and pharmaceutical formulations. The patented design of NIR offers superior analytical performance with increased sensitivity and precise instrument matching to enhance method development, minimize implementation time and ensure seamless method transferability.

Near Infrared Analysis is perfect for the rapid non-destructive quantification of many constituents-including protein, moisture and fat. NIR analyser measures both liquid and powder samples without removing the sampling or optical accessories. The detector used is a DTGC detector. When changing between liquid and solid analysis, a simple manual lever is rotated to open or close a shutter between the side port and the top bench. Liquid samples are measured in transmission with disposable 8 mm vials. Powder samples are measured on the side port accessory in reflectance through disposable scintillation vials.

NIR analyser can be used throughout your manufacturing processes-from raw material inspection and in process testing to final product release. It is a relatively new technology for refineries to monitor main products, intermediate streams and unit feed. NIR analyser offered a low cost alternative to traditional gas chromatographs or distillation analysers. Unlike Gas Chromatographs, NIR probes are 100% optical, use no electricity and contain no moving parts. Multiple properties can be measured with one analyser head. NIR analyser is ideal to use in laboratories as well as in plant environments.

For pharmaceutical and chemical industries, NIR analysis provides increased economic benefits, improved tests and analysis on the dock, in the lab and on the process line. NIR testing is completely safe and requires no sample preparation. No harmful waste is created since NIR analysis requires no solvents or reagents. It can reduce the cost of routine testing by more than 50% depending on the application.

NIR Spectrometer

2010-06-02T09:01:00.000+08:00

NIR spectrometers are the new generation of Fourier Transform near Infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer. These are the first industry hardened FT-NIR systems that are strong enough to withstand the harsh conditions.

NIR spectrometer uses the state-of-the-art optics for exceptional sensitivity and stability. There is continuous improvement in the designs and this provides consistent high quality results with less downtime, direct methods transfer and probable new applications. These NIR instruments can be used both in the lab and the factory; thus eliminating the need for new instrument during integration with the process control system.

In addition, the same NIR instrument can go directly from the lab to the factory, and this removes the need for a new instrument when your method is ready for integration into your process control system. These can further be integrated easily because of the Full support of industry standard communication protocols available.

The most successful NIR instrument is the Raman spectrometer which was developed for process control and automated lab applications. The system emphasize an On-Axis spectrograph, optimized for Raman spectroscopy and one standard grating covering the most widely used Raman signature range. The patent pending curve slit correction for aberration free imaging, low noise CCD and innovative technology in signal processing result in excellent signal to noise ratio and high performance.

Many NIR instrument come with no moving parts, being free from mechanical wear it requires low maintenance. The integrated diode laser provides 532 nm or 785 nm with different power levels available.

The system comes equipped with a Class 3 light-tight safety enclosed with interlocks in 19" rack
configuration.

The NIR spectrometer has taken NIR spectroscopy to new heights and is compatible for a choice of laboratory, site glass and process immersion probes, allowing real time process monitoring from a remote location. The Raman UniLab Research is a high sensitivity device designed to utilize both large illumination and collection areas. The large illumination design reduces the susceptibility of sample misalignment as well as decreases the effects of heterogeneity issues of the sample, resulting in superior averaging capability.

NIR spectroscopy utilizes Sure_Cal calibration technology, a method for achieving a standard Raman spectrum that has both short and long term precision and accuracy. The Sure_Cal technology allows for the collection of the standard spectrum independent of any instrument instabilities. The Raman spectrum from the sample, the laser/neon spectrum and the neon spectrum are collected simultaneously.

The NIR instruments are also much easier to implement, operate, and maintain. The NIR spectrometer is a compact fibered spectrometer able to measure from 900nm to 2600nm or from 2000nm to 4500nm with a resolution of 8cm-1 (or about 1-5 nm). This world known unique scanning Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) uses an exclusive actuator fabricated thanks to modern micro machining technology. The spectrometer needs only a single detector that assures highest dynamic range and allows attractive pricing.
Alston is an eminent analyst and writer which are writing about NIR analyzer. For more info visit at http://www.foss-nirsystems.com

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NIR Reflectance

2010-06-02T08:59:00.001+08:00

The purpose of NIR reflectance is to verify if the Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method could be applied to the identification of a variety of different raw materials for the purpose of quality control.

Near infrared reflectance is now widely used for the rapid analysis of many agricultural and food products for protein, moisture, oil, starch, sucrose, fiber, grain texture and lysine. Research has shown that the technique can also be used for the prediction of malting quality of barley, baking quality of wheat and measurement of the degree of starch damage in flour.

The technique of near infrared reflectance uses very small differences in absorption of NIR radiation at wavelengths corresponding to overtones and combination's of fundamental IR frequencies of chemical functional groups that are characteristic of particular analytes. Complex regression mathematics is used to transform these absorption measurements into an analytical result.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is an accurate and rapid alternative to wet chemistry procedures for determining concentrations of major classes of chemical compounds in organic materials, such as plant foliage. The process utilizes reflectance signals resulting from bending and stretching vibrations in molecular bonds between carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Calibration is required to mix the spectral response of each sample at individual wavelengths to known chemical concentrations from laboratory analyses.

In near infrared reflectance, Nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations for woody plant foliage: green leaf, leaf litter, and decomposing leaf litter can be measured in the laboratory according to procedures. The sample preparation for near infrared reflectance can involve drying and grinding to a uniform particle size. Diffuse reflectance spectral data were acquired using Microsystems 6500 monochromatic with a spinning cup module, scanning at wavelengths from 400 to 2498 nm with a bandwidth of 10 nm. Calibration equations were developed by using partial least squares regression on first difference transformation of the absorbency data for the entire spectral range (Bolster et al., in press).

In near infrared reflectance spectroscopy the calibration equations for woody plant foliage are used for prediction of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations in unknown samples. Precision of equation for prediction of unknown samples basically depends on whether the range of variation affecting the chemical and physical properties of the unknown samples is represented in the calibration samples. Universal equations developed for broad, or infinite populations is used for a wide range of samples. The importance of universal equations is to increase the value of NIRS for the study of large-scale ecosystem processes.
Alston is an eminent analyst and writer which are writing about NIR analyzer. For more info visit at http://www.foss-nirsystems.com

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Spectrum Analyzers The Logical Choice

2009-05-29T20:08:00.000+08:00

Scientists and researchers alike use the machine to measure radio frequencies. This machine examines the composition of electrical, acoustic or optical waveforms by measuring the different elements of the power spectrum.

It is also used in creating, designing, testing and maintaining radio frequency circuitry and equipment. This machine is called a spectrum analyzer. This piece of equipment is vital for studies involving signals like harmonics and noise. It is used to determine and monitor if a particular signal conforms to the given standards.

Spectrum analyzers measure the signals by looking at the frequency. The equipment is a little complex, but it is a very useful tool to gather information about frequencies or signals. When you use a spectrum analyzer, you’re not just measuring the signals but you are measuring their amplitude and frequency. The device displays the amplitude on the vertical scale while the frequency is shown on a horizontal scale.

Most of the spectrum analyzers you see are heterodyne types of spectrum analyzers which mean they serve the basic purpose of scanning frequencies hence they are also called scanning spectrum analyzers. A heterodyne type of analyzer is basically a very sensitive radio receiver that selectively pick-ups frequencies.

When purchasing a spectrum analyzer you need to distinguish first between an analog type and a digital one. In an analog spectrum analyzer the middle frequencies are tuned in automatically. This means the machine will automatically measure and analyze the complete range of frequencies that it was originally programmed to do. The analog types are equipped with a variable bandpass filter to do its job. Unlike analog, digital spectrum analyzers incorporate the Fast Fourier transform or FFT. FFT is a mathematical process wherein the waveform is transformed into parts of the frequency spectrum. Because the waveform is broken down into components and digitized, it is easier for a computer to make precise measurements, compute the transformations, and process the audio information.

Once you figure out which kind of spectrum analyzer you need, you can now look at specialty stores that sell such sensitive equipments. But because of the sensitivity of the machine, it may not be that great of an idea to buy a used model. Although, you can find in the market used and cheaper spectrum analyzers, it’s not advisable to buy one especially if you don’t know the reputation of the store selling them. Accuracy might be way off and the components may already be worn out.

Low Jeremy maintains http://spectrum.articlesforreprint.com This content is provided by Low Jeremy. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included.

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Applications Of Spectrum Analyzers

2009-05-15T21:41:00.000+08:00

Spectrum analyzers may seem really technical and scientific to the ears. This is because spectrum analyzers are often used in factories and in laboratories.

Spectrum analyzers are instruments that is used to receive and select frequency levels based on the superheterodyne principle. It is very sensitive, converting higher frequencies of up to 10s GHZ into something that is measurable. Received frequencies are first put into a series of pre-selected values.

These are then converted into a frequency that is selected to a DC level that is measurable. Often the values are converted into the logarithmic scales. These values are then displayed in the CRT, with the signal strength in the y-axis and the frequency in the x-axis.

Signals that are weaker than the noise in the background cannot be measured by the spectrum analyzer, power levels that are often seen in microwave receivers. This is the reason why spectrum analyzers need the RBW to be able to determine these measurements. Here, the received signals are measured in decibels rather than voltage because of the low signal strengths that are received and the frequency range of the measurements.

Spectrum analyzers especially the modern ones have a lot of uses. One of which is as a device frequency response measurements, which is used primarily in measuring amplitude response in dBm in comparison to the frequency of the device. The resulting value is on Hertz.

Another use is as a microwave tower monitor, where its transmitted power and receiver power is measured. This is one way to verify the strength and frequency of the signal.

Spectrum analyzers are also being used to identify and measure interference in signals, which are often needed in site operations of telecom towers, TV stations and the guiding systems of airports.

It can also provide measurements that are specific to the program or applications being used such as in the case of Adjacent channel power or (ACP) and phase noise. It can also analyze digital modulation measurements especially against industry standards such as GSM and blue-tooth. Another application is the analysis of vector signals as well as the saving, printing and transferring of data.

Spectrum analyzers also allow you to have remote control over LAN and the Internet as well as update firmware, add new features and fix problems in the program. Some spectrum analyzers also have provisions for diagnostics and self-calibration.

Other measurements that the device can handle are measurements of return and loss as well as spurious signals; and alignment of satellite antenna.

Low Jeremy maintains http://spectrum.articlesforreprint.com This content is provided by Low Jeremy. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included.

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The Basics of Spectrum Analyzer

2009-05-10T21:40:00.000+08:00

A spectrum analyzer is a device that measures the power spectrum. It is often used to examine the components of a waveform, whether it is electrical, acoustic or optical in form. There are basically two kinds of spectrum analyzers, the analog and the digital.

It also displays the received signal and compares the bandwidth to the frequency. A comparison is often done with an Oscilloscope, which compares the strength of the signal against the time.

Spectrum analyzers are also useful in analyzing amplitude against the frequency. Amplitude is normally measured in power or in dBm instead of volts, which is what is normally used in most spectrum analyzer.

The reason behind this is the fact that there are low signal strengths and frequency of movements that may not be measured. Spectrum Analyzers can only measure the frequency of the response at powers as low as –100 dBm. These are the levels that are frequently seen in microwave receivers.

Oscilloscopes, on the other hand, cannot measure such very low voltage. The device can only deal with very low frequency levels and high amplitude.

The analog analyzer uses a filter with a mid-frequency that can be automatically shifted through a series of frequencies where the spectrum will be measured. The digital spectrum, on the other hand, utilizes a mathematical process called the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which is used to transform a wavform into the different components of its frequency spectrum.

This way, computer programs who do the transformations will make the audio processing much easier. FFTs, however, are not only used for this purpose. They also have applications in other fields.

There are also spectrum analyzers that makes use of a technique wherein the incoming signal is converted into a lower frequency. This hybrid technique uses first the superheterodyne and then the FFT techniques. Examples of spectrum analyzers with this technique are those made by the Tektronix from the real-time spectrum analyzer series.

Spectrum Analyzers have so many applications. One application is the device frequency response measurement, which refers to the amplitude response of a machine against frequency of device.

Another application is Microwave Tower Monitoring, which measures the transmitted power of the machine as well as the power that it receives. This is utilized for the verification if the signal strengths and frequency of the transmitter. A directional coupler is used to tap the power. This is done so as not to disturb or interrupt communications.

Low Jeremy maintains http://spectrum.articlesforreprint.com This content is provided by Low Jeremy. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included.

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A Guide to Spectrum Analyzers

2009-05-05T21:37:00.000+08:00

Among the more well known brands of spectrum analyzers include Agilent, Standford Research, Avcom, BK Precision, Advantest, California Instruments, IFR, Instek, Marconi, Noisecom, Protek, Aeroflex, Rohde & Schwarz, Wayne Kerr, Telecom, W & G Instruments, Dranetz, Hameg, Wavetek and Tektronix. But even if these are great brands and their manufacturers try to come up with the highest quality spectrum analyzer possible, eventually they will suffer from minor glitches to major problems.

Generally, a spectrum analyzer is a device that measures and analyzes signals throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. The analyzer divides into parts signal and splits them into an amplitude component and a frequency component. You can find a variety of spectrum analyzers in the market. You have the subaudio, audio, and radio-frequency analyzers. You can also find spectrum analyzers that are intended to measure microwave and optical signals.

Aside from the kind of signals it measures, a spectrum analyzer can also be divided into analog, digital or hybrid. Digital spectrum analyzers usually handle more complex analysis and are used mainly with Fast Fourier Transform or FFT. Digital analyzers are able to transform the electrical or optical signals into components that are much smaller and a lot simpler. The differences of each model can be traced on the bandwidth range, sweep rates, frequency, and resolution.

Even before you buy a spectrum analyzer it is truly important that you conduct a thorough research on the various models. Since these devices do not come cheap, it would be best to determine which one is right for your application. It is best to read and study the machine's features, images and specs and if possible conduct some trial tests with the spectrum analyzer to see if it is running and to see if it will be able to handle all your needs.

Meanwhile, when you start to notice that the measurements of your spectrum analyzer is way off that what it should be, you better bring your unit fin for recalibrations. You need to look for companies that perform calibrating, repairing and refurbishing of spectrum analyzers. There are several of them on the internet. And to ensure that you get the best service you should only rely on the services of experts. There are a couple of companies that comply with strict ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 17025 registration levels making them more than adept in performing repair works on your spectrum analyzers. When looking for such companies it is also best to study their turnaround policies and other services like 24-hour shipping of finished units.

Low Jeremy maintains http://spectrum.articlesforreprint.com This content is provided by Low Jeremy. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included.

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